Developing an instrument to assess college students’ attitudes toward pledging and hazing in Greek letter organizations. This paper studies hazing among Greek-organizations at a public liberal arts college in the Northeastern U.S. and its impact on individuals’ self-esteem. Hidden harms can manifest from a variety of past experiences – war, abuse, hazing, violence, families with alcoholism, and other sources. Respondents that were not involved in any Greek organization had the highest percentage among those who felt degraded (28.9%), as opposed to those who belonged to a fraternity (16.7%) and those who belonged to a sorority (25.9%). In studies that had more male participants, such as Drout and Corsono’s (2003) research, many researchers find that fraternities are more accepting of alcohol overdose amongst the students than sororities or non-Greek students. Hazing is not part of our "time honored traditions" and it has no place in the modern Naval . Their goal was to see college students’ attitudes, behaviors, and beliefs on hazing. Discussion a. The research is based on the analysis of 11,482 survey responses from undergraduate students enrolled at 53 colleges and universities and more than 300 interviews with students and campus personnel at 18 of those institutions. However, the findings did not reveal that hazing was the leading cause of low levels of self-esteem, with only 16.7% of the sample admitting to experiencing hazing. As for Greek affiliation, 33 respondents are part of the college’s Greek Life, with 6 respondents belonging to a fraternity (8%) and 27 respondents belonging to a sorority (27%) (Table 2). The current study’s results also differ from Keating et al.’s (2005) research. Though many students who decide to go through with the recruitment process perceive Greek organizations as beneficial, rarely do they consider the negative implications of hazing. Also of interest was whether hazing has an effect on students’ self-esteem levels. For instance, it was seen that these students were pressured to live up to certain standards set by others to feel good about themselves. This is due to the fact that most students do not even recognize hazing when they are involved, and furthermore, there is a strong code of silence that inhibits students from reporting a hazing. Year in college and sorority membership in predicting self-esteem of a sample of college women. However, many do not recognize those actions as consistent with hazing. Nine out of 10 students who have experienced hazing behavior in college do not consider themselves to have been hazed. Future research on the prevalence of hazing among Greek organizations and its influence on self-esteem should further inquire about hazing processes and aim to collect more specific information about the participants’ experiences during the hazing processes. I never really thought about the long term effects of hazing but it definitely makes sense. (2005) stated “striving to belong to a particular group, especially during ritualized initiations, may result in the justification of that effort, thereby inoculating individuals against any dissonant cognition they may harbor concerning the consequences of group membership” (p. 104). Illness or hospitalization with additional effects on family and friends; Those who are leading or participating in the hazing may unintentionally trigger the memory of a traumatic event in the victim’s past that could result in devastating consequences. However, the 34 sorority members of the sample population took the scenarios more seriously. Currently 44 US states have passed anti-hazing laws. Cimino, A. Despite anti-hazing laws, hazing continues to occur among athletes, peer groups, gangs, and other schools clubs and organizations. Read More. These hidden harms can be both physical and psychological, and they can have long-lasting effects on the individual. 6. Another reason for hazing in organizations is group solidarity. Participants in the sample were undergraduate students from a public liberal arts college in the Northern U.S. I do agree with some of your points that hazing builds mental toughness but it also has serious consequences. They defined contingencies of self-worth as “domains in which a person has based his or her self-esteem, such that perceived successes or failures in those domains greatly determine the person’s self-esteem state” (Liuna & Tao, 2013, p. 97). The survey was designed to assess students’ self-esteem levels and their perceptions of hazing. Following the demographic questions, RSES was implemented to evaluate students’ self-esteem. More students perceive positive rather than negative outcomes of hazing. All hazing statistics are an underestimate of the actual amount of hazings that occur. However, one possible limitation was the chance that these experiences had not happened within their Greek activities. The present research results found that fraternity members had the lowest overall self-esteem score and that if one had not been hazed then he or she typically had a higher self-esteem average. Hazing can lead to mental distress, physical discomfort and even alcohol misuse. Especially when one is moving away from home for the first time, the idea of belonging and feeling accepted amongst one’s peers may triumph over any fears new pledges may initially face. For instance, this study proved that non-Greek women had higher moral reasoning averages than Greek women. 45 participants stated that they were not involved in any of the Greek organizations on campus (58%) (Table 2). Hazing creates stress, anxiety, intimidation, and often results in physical and emotional harm to victims. The eight possible choices that the participants could have selected were hazing, physical abuse, verbal abuse, involuntary behavior, forced alcohol consumption, humiliation, intimidation, and/or feeling degraded (Appendix A). Hazing occurs in, but extends beyond, varsity athletics and Greek-letter organizations and includes behaviors that are abusive, dangerous, and potentially illegal. Hoarding is a habit that can cause several disorders; hence it is better to hire a reliable company that can remove junk from your home. While membership in a Greek organization is typically seen in a positive light, some may wonder if the good outweighs the bad with respect to the potential risk of being hazed. They concluded that individual importance is not the only means by which people satisfy their self-esteem needs. They conducted a 20-minute web-based survey via e-mail using a random sample of 2,000 undergraduates. There were more non-Greek affiliated respondents who had not experienced both humiliation (68.9%) and intimidation (53.3%) over those who did experience humiliation (31.1%) and intimidation (46.7%) (Tables 12 and 13). Retrieved from http://www.bsos.umd.edu/socy/research/rosenberg.htm, Zeigler-Hill, V., Stubbs, W. J., & Madson, M. B. Saville, B. K., & Johnson, K. B. A longitudinal study about the identity and moral development of Greek students. Many cognitive processes could be negatively impacted due to hazing, such as self-esteem, moral and identity development. I think they should wear more protective gear. Social science research on hazing is limited to a few campuses. A change in culture, increased education and awareness, along with methodologically sound strategies for action must occur in order to reduce the ill effects and cycle of hazing. Further, affiliation in Greek societies has no positive effects on individual identity. Participants were asked to rate their agreement with each question, varying from strongly agree to strongly disagree, without a neutral category. Many teens and young adults who experience hazing downplay the risks, making it even more important to communicate the real dangers of hazing. Illness or hospitalization with additional effects on family and friends; Those who are leading or participating in the hazing may unintentionally trigger the memory of a traumatic event in the victim’s past that could result in devastating consequences. For the person doing the hazing. Through their study, however, Keating et al. When asked if the participants had experienced physical abuse, 85.5% of the sample stated that they had not, with 100% of fraternity respondents, 92.6% of sorority respondents, and 84.4% of non-Greek affiliated respondents all falling under this statistic. Also, Greek men scored lower confidence levels of identity development than non-Greek men. Crocker et al. When asked if they had experienced hazing, 83.3% of the participants selected that they had not experienced hazing, which included 83% of those who belonged to a fraternity, 63% of those who belonged to a sorority, and 65.6% of those who were not affiliated at all. Teens who bully are at greater risk for engaging in delinquent behaviors, including vandalism, as well as violence inside and outside of school. Fragile self-esteem and alcohol-related negative consequences among college student drinkers. Membership in Greek society undermines students’ self-esteem and this has other negative implications. DON leadership has a responsibility to create and maintain an These effects may include the following: Depression; Shame; Poor grades; Withdrawal from activities Respondents were asked to rate their responses from 1 to 4, with 1 being strongly agree and 4 being strongly disagree. (2009) examined gender as a moderator of the association between contingent self-esteem and body image concerns, including weight and muscularity. This requires engagement in the process of understanding how our behaviors impact the world around us in an effort to repair the harms for which we are responsible. Harassment hazing is behavior that causes emotional anguish or physical discomfort to feel like part of the group. However, those who had experienced both humiliation and intimidation were much more prevalent, with 32.1% of the sample experiencing humiliation and 44.9% of the population experiencing intimidation. Grossbard, J. R., Lee, C. M., Neighbors, C., & Larimer, M. E. (2009). (n.d.). "They have nightmares and flashbacks," Lipkins said. SOME doctors have seen an increase in the number of patients with respiratory illnesses despite the public is taking precautionary measures during the haze. Given the sensitive nature of this subject, it is important for participants to know that their responses remain anonymous. There are many different social settings that hazing has been used. Downward comparison, prejudice, and evaluations of others: Effects of self-esteem and threat. Individual schools, organizations, state and local laws vary. While Intramurals, clubs, athletics, and dorm-life are common ways of socializing, joining Greek-life –Fraternity or Sorority– is also popular among college students. [1] Anne Mercuro is a senior majoring in Psychology and minoring in Sociology. Hazing has been prevalent in the educational system for two thousand years, dating back to Plato's academy in 387 B.C. (2005). Hazing is defined as “…any activity, required implicitly or explicitly as a condition of initiation or continued membership in an organization, that may negatively impact the physical or psychological well-being of the individual or may cause damage to others, or to public or private property (Campo et. It’s the time when an individual is able to figure out who he or she is, as well as the type of friends he or she wants in his or her life. Results of the study found that females reported higher levels of contingent self-esteem and greater concerns about their weight, although males reported a greater drive for muscularity. However, many do not recognise those actions as consistent with hazing. Drout and Corsono (2003) conducted an experimental study of student perceptions on alcohol overdose by placing them in hazing scenarios in a fraternity and sorority setting. For this research, the researchers decided to recode the positive expressions so that responses would be 1 to 4, but 1 would be strongly disagree and 4 would be strongly agree. The researchers expected that the data would reveal that fraternities were more likely to haze their members than sororities, and that those affiliated with Greek organizations would have lower self-esteem due to hazing. Gore fell ill following a hazing session in November, during which he was told to keep up a bonfire for an extended period of time, resulting in several hours of hard labor. The researchers expected that the data would reveal that fraternities were more likely to haze their members than sororities, and that those affiliated with Greek organizations would have lower self-esteem due to hazing. Sailors and Marines are our most valuable resources. Drout, C. E., & Corsoro, C. L. (2003). They felt more responsible for the overdose of alcohol consumption when the president was not involved. Someone who has been hazed is more likely to haze others in the future. Hazing not only has negative short-term psychological and physical effects, but negative long-term effects as well. The Air Pollution Index(API) usually indicates the hazardous and dangerous levels of pollution during thisperiod. Journal of College Student Development, 39(6), 611-611. INSIDE EDITION spoke with Psychologist Dr. Susan Lipkins about how hazing can still effect a person long after they have graduated from college. "We do take it seriously," Farnham says. Hidden Harm is a phrase used to describe the effects of a previous trauma. The participants responded to statements that assessed self-esteem and experiences with multiple forms of harassment, including hazing. Campo, S., Poulos, G., & Sipple, J. W. (2005). The paper proposes two hypotheses: first, individuals who experienced hazing will have lower self-esteem than those who have not experienced hazing; and second, fraternities haze more than sororities, based on personal observations in a small state college. (2001) developed a Survey of Attitudes about Fraternities and Sororities (SAAP) to measure student perception about the role of pledging in Greek organizations. Alcohol consumption, humiliation, isolation, sleep- deprivation, and sex acts are hazing practices common across types of student groups. The Effects of Hazing on Student Self-Esteem: Study of Hazing Practices in Greek Organizations in a State College, Skip to Ramapo Journal of Law & Society site navigation, Institutional Effectiveness Council (IEC), School of Humanities and Global Studies (HGS), Gross Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies, Mindfulness at Ramapo College of New Jersey, Roukema Center for International Education, School of Social Science and Human Services (SSHS). Individuals cannot consent to being hazed because hazing is illegal. Harassment Hazing. Ill effect definition is - a bad result. He never recovered from this illness and died in February. The survey link was distributed through college e-mail and on a social media website group page. As a result, they concluded that individuals who had higher self-esteem would respond to threats to the self-concept by detracting from out-groups when group boundaries have evaluative implications. After the fight, he became ill, moved home, and died. This articles discusses some of the dangerous effects of different examples of hazing. The vast majority of participants had negative attitudes regarding hazing and most learned about their institution’s hazing policy through a marching band orientation. Contact Webmaster. Their survey results showed that students thought that hazing was in fact harmful, but they were impartial to their vulnerability to harm. Self-esteem and alcohol consumption: A study of college drinking behavior in a naturalistic setting. Samantha Merritt graduated from Ramapo College of New Jersey. Sororities and non-Greeks believe that it occurs because of a person’s need to be accepted into Greek-life, whereas fraternities believe that it occurs from a pledge’s over-willingness to please brothers. Sex Roles, 60(3-4), 198-207. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11199-008-9535-y, Hoover, J., & Milner, C. (1998). Rampo College of New Jersey, 6 Mar. The researchers concluded that “it is obvious that there are students who do value Greek letter organizations…likewise, it is apparent that when student’s perceptions of Greek letter organizations are uncritically positive, they become susceptible to hazing activities” (Cokley et al., 2001, par. Some students, not all, can experience anxiety, depression, and/or PTSD from being hazed. After the participants completed the RSES, they were presented with a scale that assessed their perceptions on harassment in general, with a few questions addressing hazing in particular. However, many do not recognise those actions as consistent with hazing. (1987) stated that individuals who have lower self-esteem tend to be more prejudiced, for example in terms of failure feedback and derogation of members of out-groups. share: StopHazing last year conducted and published a study on the effects of hazing. The level of self-esteem impacted student misuse of alcohol, prejudices etc. The data revealed a significant relationship among the variables (p = .039, p < .05) (Table 4). Overall, the researchers found that fraternities were more willing and accepting of alcohol overdose amongst the students than sororities or non-Greek students. Hazing is often associated with college fraternity groups. Harassment hazing confuses, frustrates, and causes undue stress for new members/rookies. Their results showed that students thought that hazing was in fact harmful, but they were neutral to their susceptibility to harm (p. 146). Next, the researchers decided to do a cross tabulation between Greek Affiliation and the checklist that signified their experiences with various forms of abuse. A change in culture, increased education and awareness, along with methodologically sound strategies for action must occur in order to reduce the ill effects and cycle of hazing… Similar to the current study, Campo, Poulos, and Sipple (2005) conducted a web-based survey using a random selection of 2000 undergraduates. Discussion a. For the final question of the survey, participants were given a list of different forms of harassment/abuse and were asked to check off the ones that they had experienced, with hazing being one of the choices. Ramapo College of New Jersey Home Page » Academics » SSHS » Ramapo Journal of Law & Society » Thesis » The Effects of Hazing on Student Self-Esteem: Study of Hazing Practices in Greek Organizations in a State College. Keating et al. This dumb, sereously it’s football the only “hazing” I ever see is when the team is PLAYING the game, so those “officials” need to re check what they’re saying cuse it’s football I love football and I’m a girl I would be really mad and probley would make me switch schools if I was on the team. Study: The Effects of Hazing By ch1c0nta@ctus 10.05.2014 interact. Hazing will not be tolerated by any member of the Navy or Marine Corps. Hazing is defined as “any activity expected of someone joining or participating in a group that humiliates, degrades, abuses, or endangers them regardless of a person’s willingness to participate.” To find out more, go to Stophazing.org. Kilgannon and Erwin’s (1992) study on the difference between non-Greek men and women’s moral and identity development vs. Greek men and women’s development showed that non-Greek men and women had higher self confidence. However, those who belonged to fraternities had a self-esteem average of 30.83, which was the lowest average compared to those who belonged in sororities (34.0) and those who were not affiliated with Greek organizations (31.56) (Table 6). Hazing And Its Effect On Society Essay 1917 Words | 8 Pages . 65 of the respondents stated that they had not experienced hazing while 13 of the respondents stated that they had. Body image concerns and contingent self-esteem in male and female college students. Regarding self-esteem, statements such as “I take a positive attitude toward myself” and “I feel that I am a person of worth, at least on equal plane with others” (isn’t this “an equal plane”) were included (Sociology Department of University of Maryland, n.d.). The results of the survey showed that more females than males believed that pledging should be a positive experience. Social Behavior And Personality, 31(6), 535-544. Fraternities and sororities provide many benefits to students such as leadership opportunities, participation in college activities, friendships and extended connections with other chapters around the nation. Hazing And Its Effect On Society Essay 1917 Words | 8 Pages. hazing and its ill effects. T he hazing became the subject of a national scandal when a congressional investigation into the death was launched. Students may abuse drugs and alcohol during hazing rituals or use these substances to cope with the effects of hazing. This study was conducted in order to investigate if members of fraternities are more likely to experience hazing than members of sororities and assess whether hazing has an effect on students’ self-esteem levels. Also, only 11.5% of the sample stated that they had experienced involuntary behavior, with 16.7% of fraternity members, 14.8% of sorority members, and 8.9% of non-Greek members making up this statistic (Table 11). The trauma to those involved may be immediately evident or it may emerge months of even years later (Inside Hazing, 2014). He asked participants to picture themselves in high effort and low effort group activity and see if they were high or low contributors. In spite of all the good intentions handed down by Fraternities, they became futile for everything was negated by the ill-effects of Hazing. The penalty of prison mayor in its maximum period (10 years and one day to 12 years) if in consequence of the hazing the victim shall have been ill or incapacitated for the performance on the activity or work in which he was habitually engaged for a period of more than thirty (30) days. According to the research and prevention group, StopHazing.org (2014), hazing is defined as “any activity expected of someone joining or participating in a group that humiliates, degrades, abuses, or endangers them regardless of a person’s willingness to participate.” This certainly goes beyond harmless and voluntary initiations that a person may agree to when they join a club or team. These studies suggest that hazing affects student self-esteem and there are considerable differences between members of Greek societies. Nevertheless, more sorority members admitted to feelings of intimidation (48.1%) over those who belonged to a fraternity that had experienced intimidation (16.7%) (Table 13). While the psychological effects of hazing may not make the news, the negative psychological effects of hazing can last a long time, both for the victim and their families. Social Behavior & Personality: An International Journal, 41(1), 95-107. She is looking forward to graduating in May 2014 and working towards a career as a Certified Alcohol Counselor. (2013). 53 participants live on campus (68%), and 25 participants are commuters (32%) (Table 1). Similarly, Campo, Poulos, and Sipple (2005) studied how college students’ behaviors and beliefs correlated to hazing. Hazing was marked as "practical jokes played by unruly young men that injured and hazed the citizens who got in the way" (Nuwer, 1999 p. 92). Cimino (2011) studied hazing by surveying participants in strongly cooperative groups and weakly cooperative groups. This group was found to desire more severe hazing in strong groups than in weak groups. So while some may see the initiation process as harmful and negative, others may be pushing aside this fear in order to actually raise their self-esteem and confidence amongst their peers. 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